History of Brahman

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The "First urbanization" was the Indus Valley Civilisation.[74]
  2. ^ Many historians consider Attock to be the final frontier of the Maratha Empire[330]

Citations

  1. ^ Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin(2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."
  2. ^ a b c Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44, 51, ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9
  3. ^ Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–125, ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9
  4. ^ a b c Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, p. 82, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0
  5. ^ Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274
  6. ^ Researches Into the History and Civilization of the Kirātas by G. P. Singh p. 33
  7. ^ a b A Social History of Early India by Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya p. 259
  8. ^ a b Technology and Society by Menon, R.V.G. p. 15
  9. ^ The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, by Carla M. Sinopoli, p. 201
  10. ^ Science in India by B.V. Subbarayappa
  11. ^ The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From Early Times to c. 1800, Band 1 by Nicholas Tarling, p. 281
  12. ^ Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274.
  13. ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilizationby Sailendra Nath Sen p. 281
  14. ^ Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750 by Craig Lockard p. 333
  15. ^ Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke p. 67
  16. ^ Essays on Ancient India by Raj Kumar p. 199
  17. ^ Al Baldiah wal nahaiyah vol: 7 p. 141 "Conquest of Makran"
  18. ^ Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-135-45596-5.
  19. ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought: p. 340
  20. ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944.
  21. ^ Richard M. Eaton (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9.
  22. ^ a b "India before the British: The Mughal Empire and its Rivals, 1526–1857". University of Exeter.
  23. ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–45, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
  24. ^ Maddison, Angus (2003): Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, OECD Publishing, ISBN 9264104143, pp. 259–261
  25. ^ Lawrence E. Harrison, Peter L. Berger(2006). Developing cultures: case studies. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-0415952798.
  26. ^ Ian Copland; Ian Mabbett; Asim Roy; et al. (2012). A History of State and Religion in India. Routledge. p. 161.
  27. ^ History of Mysore Under Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan by Joseph Michaud p. 143
  28. ^ Taçon, Paul S.C. (2018), "The Rock Art of South and East Asia", in Bruno David, Ian J. McNiven (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art, Oxford University Press, pp. 181–, ISBN 978-0-19-084495-0
  29. ^ Mithen, Steven J. (2006), After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC, Harvard University Press, pp. 411–, ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7
  30. ^ Upinder Singh 2008, p. 89.
  31. ^ Meenakshi Dubey-Pathak (2014), "The Rock Art of the Bhimbetka Area in India" (PDF), Adoranten: 16, 19
  32. ^ Chauhan 2010, p. 147.
  33. ^ a b c Petraglia & Allchin 2007, pp. 5–6.
  34. ^ a b c Petraglia 2010, pp. 167–170.
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  36. ^ a b c d Chauhan 2010, pp. 147–160.
  37. ^ a b Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, p. 1, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8
  38. ^ a b Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin(22 May 2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.
  39. ^ a b Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 23, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2
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  43. ^ a b Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, p. 28, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8
  44. ^ Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8
  45. ^ a b Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 33, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2
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  48. ^ McIntosh, Jane (2008), The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, p. 387, ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2
  49. ^ Early India: A Concise History, D.N. Jha, 2004, p. 31
  50. ^ Antonova, Bongard-Levin & Kotovsky 1979, p. 51.
  51. ^ MacKenzie, Lynn (1995). Non-Western Art: A Brief Guide. Prentice Hall. p. 151.
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  53. ^ a b Upinder Singh 2008, p. 255.
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  56. ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 31.
  57. ^ Singhal, K.C; Gupta, Roshan. The Ancient History of India, Vedic Period: A New Interpretation. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 81-269-0286-8. pp. 150–151.
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  63. ^ a b Reddy 2003, p. A11.
  64. ^ a b Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, 97–265.
  65. ^ Samuel 2010, p. 48–51, 61–93.
  66. ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 41–43.
  67. ^ Upinder Singh 2008, p. 200.
  68. ^ Charles Rockwell Lanman (1912), A Sanskrit reader: with vocabulary and notes, Boston: Ginn & Co., ... jána, m. creature; man; person; in plural, and collectively in singular, folks; a people or race or tribe ... cf. γένος, Lat. genus, Eng. kin, 'race' ...
  69. ^ Stephen Potter, Laurens Christopher Sargent (1974), Pedigree: the origins of words from nature, Taplinger, ... *gen-, found in Skt. jana, 'a man', and Gk. genos and L. genus, 'a race' ...
  70. ^ Abhijit Basu (2013). Marvels and Mysteries of the Mahabharata. Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 153.
  71. ^ a b c d e Witzel, Michael (1995). "Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 1(4): 1–26. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1995.4.823.
  72. ^ Samuel 2010, pp. 45–51.
  73. ^ H.C. Raychaudhuri (1950), Political History of Ancient India and Nepal, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 58
  74. ^ a b c Samuel 2010.
  75. ^ James Heitzman (2008). The City in South Asia. Routledge. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-134-28963-9.
  76. ^ a b Samuel 2010, pp. 48–51.
  77. ^ Samuel 2010, pp. 42–48.
  78. ^ Samuel 2010, p. 61.
  79. ^ Samuel 2010, p. 49.
  80. ^ Juan Mascaró (1965). The Upanishads. Penguin Books. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-14-044163-5.
  81. ^ Olivelle, Patrick (2008), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, pp. xxiv–xxix, ISBN 978-0-19-954025-9
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  83. ^ Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274. "The second half of the first millennium BC was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history. ... Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism, in particular, were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara—the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana—the goal of human existence....."
  84. ^ Laumakis, Stephen. An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy. 2008. p. 4
  85. ^ Mary Pat Fisher (1997) In: Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths I.B. Tauris : London ISBN 1-86064-148-2 – Jainism's major teacher is the Mahavira, a contemporary of the Buddha, and who died approximately 526 BC. p. 114
  86. ^ Mary Pat Fisher (1997) In: Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths I.B. Tauris : London ISBN 1-86064-148-2 '"The extreme antiquity of Jainism as a non-Vedic, indigenous Indian religion is well documented. Ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures refer to Jainism as an existing tradition which began long before Mahavira." p. 115
  87. ^ Valmiki (1990). Goldman, Robert P (ed.). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume 1: Balakanda. Ramayana of Valmiki. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-691-01485-2.
  88. ^ Romila Thapar, A History of India Part 1, p. 31.
  89. ^ a b Upinder Singh 2008, pp. 18–21.
  90. ^ Brockington, J.L. (1998). The Sanskrit epics, Part 2. Volume 12. Brill. p. 21. ISBN 978-90-04-10260-6.
  91. ^ Upinder Singh 2008, pp. 260–264.
  92. ^ Anguttara Nikaya I. p. 213; IV. pp. 252, 256, 261.
  93. ^ a b Reddy 2003, p. A107.
  94. ^ a b Thapar, Romila (2002). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California. pp. 146–150. ISBN 978-0520242258. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  95. ^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 107
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  98. ^ Shaffer, Jim. 1993, "Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond". In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan.
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  9. ^ Romila Thapar. A History of India: Volume 1. p. 70.
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  22. ^ Mukherjee 1999, p. 277
  23. ^ Manimekalai – English transliteration of Tamil original
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  39. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7. The Yuezhi people conquered Bactria in the second century BCE. and divided the country into five chiefdoms, one of which would become the Kushan Empire. Recognizing the importance of unification, these five tribes combined under the one dominate Kushan tribe, and the primary rulers descended from the Yuezhi.
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  42. ^ which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
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  56. ^ The precise number varies according to whether or not some barely started excavations, such as cave 15A, are counted. The ASI say "In all, total 30 excavations were hewn out of rock which also include an unfinished one", UNESCO and Spink "about 30". The controversies over the end date of excavation is covered below.
  57. ^ Tej Ram Sharma, 1978, "Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions. (1.publ.)", p. 254, Kamarupa consisted of the Western districts of the Brahmaputra valley which being the most powerful state.
  58. ^ Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma – 2005, "Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ... – Volume 3", p. 248, Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms.
  59. ^ The eastern border of Kamarupa is given by the temple of the goddess Tamreshvari (Pūrvāte Kāmarūpasya devī Dikkaravasini in Kalika Purana) near present-day Sadiya. "...the temple of the goddess Tameshwari (Dikkaravasini) is now located at modern Sadiya about 100 miles to the northeast of Sibsagar" (Sircar 1990, pp. 63–68).
  60. ^ Swami, Parmeshwaranand (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Puranas. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. p. 941. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3.
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  67. ^ RN Kundra & SS Bawa, History of Ancient and Medieval India
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  76. ^ Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora, ISBN 978-1-4724-1913-2, p. 105, Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; [...] Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."
  77. ^ "Shankara", Student's Encyclopædia Britannica – India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Publishing, ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5, p. 379, Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.";
    David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, p. 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought."
  78. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-10335-0, p. 2, Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".
  79. ^ Shyama Kumar Chattopadhyaya (2000)The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta, Sarup & Sons, New Delhi ISBN 81-7625-222-0, 978-81-7625-222-5
  80. ^ Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction, p. 3, at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pp. 3–4; Quote – "[...] Lokayatikas and Bauddhas who assert that the soul does not exist. There are four sects among the followers of Buddha: 1. Madhyamicas who maintain all is void; 2. Yogacharas, who assert except sensation and intelligence all else is void; 3. Sautranticas, who affirm actual existence of external objects no less than of internal sensations; 4. Vaibhashikas, who agree with later (Sautranticas) except that they contend for immediate apprehension of exterior objects through images or forms represented to the intellect."
  81. ^ Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction, p. 3, at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at p. 3, OCLC 19373677
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    Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5, p. 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
    Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction at Google Books
    Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now;
    John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0158-5, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".
  83. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie Schimmel, Religionen – Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Brill Academic Publishers, 1980, ISBN 978-90-04-06117-0, p. 4
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Sources

Printed sources

Web-sources

  1. ^ "The beginning of the historical period, c. 500–150 BCE". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015.

Further reading

General

  • Basham, A.L., ed. The Illustrated Cultural History of India (Oxford University Press, 2007)
  • Buckland, C.E. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495pp full text
  • Chakrabarti D.K. 2009. India, an archaeological history : palaeolithic beginnings to early historic foundations
  • Dharma Kumar and Meghnad Desai, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, c. 1751 – c. 1970 (2nd ed. 2010), 1114pp of scholarly articles
  • Fisher, Michael. An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge UP, 2018)
  • Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (2007), 890pp; since 1947
  • James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
  • Khan, Yasmin. The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015)
  • Majumdar, R.C. : An Advanced History of India. London, 1960. ISBN 0-333-90298-X
  • Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) : The History and Culture of the Indian People, Bombay, 1977 (in eleven volumes).
  • Mcleod, John. The History of India (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Mansingh, Surjit The A to Z of India (2010), a concise historical encyclopedia
  • Metcalf, Barbara D. and Thomas R. Metcalf. A Concise History of Modern India (2006)
  • Peers, Douglas M. India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 (2006), 192pp
  • Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996)
  • Riddick, John F. The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) excerpt
  • Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt
  • Rothermund, Dietmar. An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991(1993)
  • Sharma, R.S., India's Ancient Past, (Oxford University Press, 2005)
  • Sarkar, Sumit. Modern India, 1885–1947(2002)
  • Senior, R.C. (2006). Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9709268-6-9.
  • Singhal, D.P. A History of the Indian People(1983)
  • Smith, Vincent. The Oxford History of India(3rd ed. 1958), old-fashioned
  • Spear, Percival. A History of India. Volume 2. Penguin Books. (1990) [First published 1965]
  • Stein, Burton. A History of India (1998)
  • Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2004) excerpt and text search
  • Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India (1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 excerpt and text search
  • Tomlinson, B.R. The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996)
  • Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India(6th ed. 1999)

Historiography

  • Bannerjee, Gauranganath (1921). India as known to the ancient world. London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
  • Bayly, C.A. (November 1985). "State and Economy in India over Seven Hundred Years". The Economic History Review. 38(4): 583–596. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1985.tb00391.x. JSTOR 2597191.
  • Bose, Mihir. "India's Missing Historians: Mihir Bose Discusses the Paradox That India, a Land of History, Has a Surprisingly Weak Tradition of Historiography", History Today 57#9 (2007) pp. 34–. online
  • Elliot, Henry Miers; John Dowson (1867–77). The History of India, as told by its own historians. The Muhammadan Period. London: Trübner and Co.
  • Kahn, Yasmin. "Remembering and Forgetting: South Asia and the Second World War' in Martin Gegner and Bart Ziino, eds., The Heritage of War (Routledge, 2011) pp. 177–193.
  • Jain, M. The India They Saw : Foreign Accounts (4 Volumes) Delhi: Ocean Books, 2011.
  • Lal, Vinay, The History of History: Politics and Scholarship in Modern India (2003).
  • Palit, Chittabrata, Indian Historiography(2008).
  • Arvind Sharma, Hinduism and Its Sense of History (Oxford University Press, 2003) ISBN 978-0-19-566531-4
  • E. Sreedharan, A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 (2004)
  • Warder, A.K., An introduction to Indian historiography (1972).

Primary

  • The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition

Online resources

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