प्राचीन भारताचा इतिहास: पूर्ण अभ्यास साहित्य
History of Ancient India: Complete Study Material प्राचीन भारताचा इतिहास: पूर्ण अभ्यास साहित्य
Ancient History comes under History Sections of General Studies. So, it is worth to have a grip on the subject and to make preparation easy we have compiled this study material into 9 Sections in which you will learn about Pre-Historic Period, Historic Period, Civilisations, Scripts, Cultures, Pre- Mauryan and Mauryan Age their religious developments, art & architecture, trade. At last, Gupta and Post Gupta Age its literary sources, administration, inscriptions, rulers etc.
प्राचीन इतिहास सामान्य अध्ययन च्या इतिहास विभाग अंतर्गत येतो. म्हणूनच, या विषयावर आपली पकड असणे आणि तयारी सुलभ करण्यासाठी आम्ही या अभ्यासाचे साहित्य 9 विभागांमध्ये संकलित केले आहे ज्यामध्ये आपण पूर्व-ऐतिहासिक कालावधी, ऐतिहासिक कालावधी, संस्कृती, लिपी, संस्कृती, पूर्व-मौर्यन आणि मौर्य वय त्यांचे धार्मिक विकास, कला आणि वास्तुकला, व्यापार. शेवटी, गुप्ता आणि पोस्ट गुप्त युग त्याचे साहित्यिक स्रोत, प्रशासन, शिलालेख, शासक इ.
This comprehensive general knowledge Study Material on “History of Ancient India” is designed with the reference of NCERT books and some more books like R.S Sharma’s (India’s Ancient Past), A.L Basham’s (The wonder that was India), John Keay’s (India: The History) etc.
“प्राचीन भारताचा इतिहास” या विषयावरील सर्वसाधारण ज्ञानविषयक अभ्यास साहित्य एनसीईआरटीच्या पुस्तकांच्या संदर्भात आणि आर.एस. शर्मा यांच्या (भारतातील प्राचीन भूतकाळ), ए.एल. बाशम (आश्चर्य म्हणजे भारत होता), जॉन के यांचे (भारत: द) इतिहास)इ.
“History of Ancient India”: A Complete Study Material “प्राचीन भारताचा इतिहास”: एक संपूर्ण अभ्यास साहित्य
1. Stone Age (अश्मयुग)
🔴Chronology of Paleolithic Age in India🔴
Paleolithic Age in India can be studied into three phases:
1. Lower Paleolithic extended to B. C. In India its sites were discovered in Punjab, Kashmir, UP, Rajasthan etc.
2. Upper Paleolithic extended from Upper Paleolithic (40,000–8000 BC). In India its sites were discovered in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Central Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, southern Uttar Pradesh, and South Bihar Plateau.
Upper, Middle & Lower Palaeolithic Sites in India
Characteristics of Paleolithic Age
During the Paleolithic period the man was a hunter and food gatherer. The human being used to use simple chipped and chopped type stone tools for hunting and other purposes.
1. Lower Paleolithic Age mainly spread in Western Europe and Africa and early human lived a nomadic lifestyle. No specific human group was the carrier of Lower Paleolithic period, but many scholars believe that this era was a contribution of Neanderthal-like Palaenthropic men (Third stage of hominid evolution)
2. Middle Paleolithic Age was mainly associated with early form of man, Neanderthal, whose remains are often found in caves with evidence of the use of fire. He got his name from the valley of Neander (Germany).
Neanderthal was hunter of prehistoric time. The Middle Paleolithic man was scavenger but few evidences of hunting and gathering were traced. The dead were painted before burial.
3. Upper Paleolithic Age was characterized by the appearance of new flint industries and Homo Sapiens (Modern type men) in world context. This was the last part of the Paleolithic Age which gave rise to the Upper Paleolithic culture.
This period covered approximately 1/10th time of the total Paleolithic Period but in short span of time, the primitive man made greatest cultural progress. The culture has been referred as the Osteodontokeratic culture, i.e. tools made up of bone, teeth, and horns.
Era’s in the Indian History & Time Line of Ancient Indian History
Tools of Paleolithic Age
Tools have been discovered from Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Kurnool, and Andhra Pradesh and are nearly 100,000 B.C. old.
1. Lower Paleolithic: Population preferred to live near the water source because the stone tools are abundant near the river valleys. In this era, the first stone tool fabrication started (including the earliest stone tools found today) and was called Oldowan tradition which refers to a pattern of stone-tool manufacturing by Hominid (Homo habilis). Splintered stones called eoliths have been considered the earliest tools.
These tools were made from large and small scrapers, hammer stones, choppers, awls, etc. Hand axes and cleavers were the typical tools of these early hunters and food-gatherers. Tools used in Lower Paleolithic era were mainly cleavers, choppers, and hand axes. These tools were mainly used for cutting, digging, and skinning the prey. These tools were found from Belan Valley of Mirzapur (U.P.), Didwana in Rajasthan, Narmada Valley, and from Bhimbetka (near Bhopal, M.P.).
2. The Middle Paleolithic Period:Tools of this age was majorly dependent on flakes which were used to make bores, points, and scrapers etc. A crude pebble industry is also noticed in this period. Stones found were very small and were called microliths. Stone tools of this period are of the flake tradition. For example, use of needles to sew furs and skins which were used as body coverings.
3. Upper Paleolithic Age: Tools of this age was majorly large flake blades, scrapers, and burins. The lifestyle of this man was not different from that of Neanderthal and Homo erectus; the tools used were still crude and unsophisticated during early period of this age.
There are evidences of appearance of bone artifacts and the first form of art for the first time in Africa. From artifacts, the first evidence of fishing is also seen in places such as Blombos Cave in South Africa. The use of polished fine cutting edge tools and mortars and pestles used for grinding grain also came into existence.
Weapon used during Paleolithic Age
Community life during Paleolithic Age
The Paleolithic people were entirely dependent on weapons and tools made from stone as they lived close to the hilly areas, caves, rivers, and rock shelters. The early Stone Age man was a nomad and had no knowledge of house building and agriculture. Hence he had no community life and lived in hills and caves.
Indian sites of Old Stone Age. (Palaeolithic Age)
1-Lower Palaeolithic
1. Valley of Sohan in Punjab (now in Pakistan)
2. Kashmir and Thar Desert
3. Belan Valley in Mirzapur district, UP
4. Bidwana in Rajasthan
5. Narmada Valley
2-Middle Palaeolithic
1. Narmada River Valley
2. Tungabhadra River Valley
3-Upper Palaeolithic
1. Andra Pradesh
2. Karnataka
3. Central MP
4. Maharashtra
5. Southern UP
6. South Bihar Plateau
The Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age was the era of human evolution. In this era human learnt to make arms from animal bones.So Paleolithic period is the backbone of the modern human civilisation.
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The Mesolithic Age
1. In North/Western Europe, the Mesolithic lasted from 10,000 to 4,000 BC.
2. In Central Europe, it lasted from 10,000 to 5,500 BC.
3. In East Asia, it lasted from 10,000 to 6,000 BC.
4. In Southeast Europe, it lasted from 10,000 to 7,000 BC.
5. In the Middle East and elsewhere, it lasted from 10,000 to 8,000 BC.
6. In India, it spanned around 9000 B.C to 4000 B.C.
Era’s in the Indian History & Time Line of Ancient Indian History
Characteristics of Mesolithic Age
The Mesolithic Age
Mesolithic is the period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The terms "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic" were introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times in 1865. The additional "Mesolithic" category was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. The Mesolithic Age, which means Middle Stone Age, was the second part of the Stone Age. This age is characterized by the use of Microliths (small bladed stone tools).
2. In Central Europe, it lasted from 10,000 to 5,500 BC.
3. In East Asia, it lasted from 10,000 to 6,000 BC.
4. In Southeast Europe, it lasted from 10,000 to 7,000 BC.
5. In the Middle East and elsewhere, it lasted from 10,000 to 8,000 BC.
6. In India, it spanned around 9000 B.C to 4000 B.C.
Era’s in the Indian History & Time Line of Ancient Indian History
Characteristics of Mesolithic Age
The Mesolithic Age was a transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. It has the characteristics of both the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. The people of this age lived on hunting, fishing, and food gathering while at a later stage they also domesticated animals.
Tools: The people of this age used microliths. Microliths are very small in size and their lengths range from 1 to 8 cm. Backed blade, core, point, triangle, lunate and trapeze are the main Mesolithic tools. However, some tools used earlier, like scraper, burin and choppers, continue.
Art: The people of this age practiced painting. Their paintings depicted birds, animals, and human beings.
List of Indian Mesolithic sites, their locations, and characteristics
1🔴Name of Mesolithic Sites
👉Bagor
🔴Location
👉Rajasthan
🔴Characteristics
👉It had a microlithic industry and its people lived on hunting and pastoralism.
2🔴Name of Mesolithic Sites
👉Adamgarh
🔴Location
👉Madhya Pradesh
🔴Characteristics
👉It shows the earliest evidence for the domestication of animals.
3🔴Name of Mesolithic Sites
👉Bhimbetka
🔴Location
👉Madhya Pradesh
🔴Characteristics
👉It has more than 500 painted rock shelters.
4🔴Name of Mesolithic Sites
👉Langhnaj
🔴Location
👉Gujarat
🔴Characteristics
👉Provides the earliest evidence of burial of the dead.
5🔴Name of Mesolithic Sites
👉Mohrana Pahara
🔴Location
👉Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh
🔴Characteristics
👉Provides the earliest evidence of burial.
After about 10,000 BC the climate gradually became warmer again. Many of the big animals went with the cold weather to the North. Some animals, like the mammoth, elk, woolly rhino and bison became extinct. Gradually, the Netherlands were covered with forests, which were rich in animals and plants. These changes were the beginning of a new age: the Middle Stone Age. It is with this period that the prehistory in Archeon begins.
The Neolithic Age
List of the Upper, Middle & Lower Palaeolithic Sites in India
Origin of Neolithic Age
The Neolithic Age started in 9,000 B.C. in world context but in Indian context it was varying from 7,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C. In South India, the Neolithic settlements are generally considered to be around 2,500 B.C. old while the Neolithic sites discovered on the northern spurs of the Vindhyas are not older than 5,000 B.C. Some Neolithic sites found in parts of Eastern India and South India are only 1,000 B.C. old.
Characteristics of Neolithic Age
The Neolithic Age saw the man turning into food producer from food gatherer. It also witnessed the use of pottery for the first time. People used microlithic blades in addition to tools made of polished stone. The use of metal was unknown.
1. Agriculture: The people of Neolithic Age cultivated ragi, horse gram, cotton, rice, wheat, and barley and hence were termed as food producers. They domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats.
2. Tools: The people used microlithic blades in addition to tools made of polished stones. They used stone hoes and digging sticks for digging the ground. The ring stones of 1-1/2 kg of weight were fixed at the ends of these digging sticks. They also used tools and weapons made of bone; found in Burzahom (Kashmir) and Chirand (Bihar).
3. Weapons: The people primarily used axes as weapons. The North-western part of Neolithic settlement used rectangular axes having curved cutting edge. The Southern part used axes with oval sides and pointed butt while polished stone axes with rectangular butt and shouldered hoes were use in the north-eastern part.
4. Housing: The people of Neolithic Age lived in rectangular or circular houses which were made of mud and reed. The people of Mehrgarh lived in mud-brick houses while pit-dwelling is reported from Burzahom, the Neolithic site found in Kashmir.
5. Pottery: With the advent of Agriculture, people were required to store their food grains as well as to do cooking, arrange for drinking water, and eating the finished product. That’s why pottery first appeared in the Neolithic Age. The pottery of the period was classified under grey ware, black-burnished ware, and mat-impressed ware.
6. Architecture: The Neolithic Age is significant for its Megalithic Architecture.
7. Technology: In the initial stage of the Neolithic Age, hand-made pottery was made but later on the foot-wheels were used to make pots.
8. Community Life: Neolithic people had common right over property. They led a settled life.
Era’s in the Indian History & Time Line of Ancient Indian History
Geographical Location of Neolithic people
The Neolithic people did not live far away from the hilly areas. They habited mainly the hilly river valleys, rock shelters, and the slopes of the hills since they were entirely dependent on weapons and tools made from stone. They inhabited northern spurs of the Vindhyas, Kashmir, South India, Eastern India, Meghalaya (north-eastern frontier of India), and Mirzapur and Allahabad districts of Uttar Pradesh. Some of the important Neolithic settlements are Mehrgarh (located in Baluchistan, Pakistan), Burzahom (Kashmir), Gufkral (Kashmir), Chirand (Bihar), and Utnur (Andhra Pradesh). Jarf el Ahmar and Tell Abu Hureyra (both in Syria) were the major Neolithic sites in Asia.
List of Neolithic sites, their locations, and characteristics
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